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Malmquist indexes using a geometric distance function (GDF)

Traditional approaches to calculate anal factor pmthwtivity change through Malmquist indexes rely on distance fin chaos. In this paper we show that the use of distance Junctions as a means to calculate total factor productivity change 'nth, introduce some bias in the analysis. and tnerefire tee propose a procedure that calculates total factor productivity change through observed values only. Our total factor pr...