The ferroelectric (FE) betaine arsenate (BA) and the antiferroelectric (AF) betaine phosphate (BP) are structurally very closely related and mixed crystals of BAxBP1-x can be grown over the whole concentration range. The concentration (x) – temperature (T) – pressure (P) phase diagram of the system is characterized by a transition from an AF to a FE phase along with the appearance of some mixed regions on chang...
Temperature and frequency dependent hysteresis loop measurements have been carried out along the phase diagram of ferroelectric (FE) betaine at-senate (BA) and antiferroelectric (AF) betaine phosphate (BP) mixed crystal system (BA(x)BP(1-x)). Coexistence regions characterized by competing ferro- and/or antiferroelectric interactions are detected by multiple hysteresis loops.
Since 1980 the industrial production of European sea bass has risen considerably up to at least 18,000 MT in 1996 ( see also Josupeit, Aquaculture Europe 20(2):-12, 1995). This growth is remarkable since few were able to culture the species in the seventies. Several "classical" stages of development can be observed; they are typical of a rapidly expanding bioindustry.
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