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Longitudinal study in 3,000 m male runners: relationship between performance an...

The purpose of the present study was to analyze longitudinal changes in 3,000 m running performance and the relationship with selected physiological parameters. Eighteen well-trained male middle-distance runners were measured six times (x3 per year) throughout two consecutive competitive seasons. The following parameters were measured on each occasion: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), running economy (RE), veloc...

Evaluation of the energy expenditure in competitive swimming strokes

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the total energy expenditure of the four competitive swimming strokes. Twenty-six swimmers of international level were submitted to an incremental set of 200-m swims (5 swimmers at Breaststroke, 5 swimmers at Backstroke, 4 swimmers at Butterfly and 12 swimmers at Front Crawl). The starting velocity was approximately 0.3m· s–1 less than a swimmer’s best perfor...

Relationships between energy cost, swimming velocity and speed fluctuation in c...

The purpose of the study was to analyse relationships between total energy expenditure (Etot), energy cost (EC), intra-cycle variation of the horizontal velocity of displacement of centre of mass (dv) and mean swimming velocity (v). 17 Portuguese elite swimmers (4 at Freestyle, 5 at Backstroke, 4 at Breaststroke and 4 at Butterfly) were submitted to an incremental set of nx200-m swims. Bioenergetical and biomec...

Assessment of time limit at lowest speed corresponding to maximal oxygen consum...

Time limit at lowest speed of maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-v O2max) was characterized in the 4 swimming strokes, and related with O2max and anaerobic threshold (AnT). 23 elite swimmers performed an incremental protocol for v O2max assessment. 48 hours later, Tlim-v O2max was assessed. O2 was directly measured BxB (K4 b2, Cosmed, Italy) and AnT was assessed individually (YSI 1500L Sport, USA). Tlim-v O2max v...

Relationship between energy cost, swimming velocity, speed fluctuation in compe...

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationships between the total energy expenditure ( tot), the energy cost (EC), the intra-cycle variation of the horizontal velocity of displacement of centre of mass (dv) and the mean swimming velocity (v) in the four competitive swimming strokes.

Assessment of time limit at VO2max velocity in the 4 competitive swimming techn...

Time limit at the minimum velocity that elicits maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-v O2max) was studied both in flume (Billat et al., 1996) and in normal swimming conditions (Fernandes et al., 2003). While no studies have been carried out based on other swimming techniques than freestyle, the purpose of this experiment was to characterize, and compare, TLim-v O2max in the four competitive strokes, as well as to o...

Relationships between energy cost, swimming velocity and speed fluctuation in e...

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationships between the total energy expenditure (tot), the energy cost (EC), the intra-cycle variation of the horizontal velocity of displacement of centre of mass (dv) and the mean swimming velocity (v) in elite butterfliers.

Serão os nadadores de elite do século XXI mais económicos do que os do século XX?

Relationships between energy cost, swimming velocity and speed fluctuation in e...

Energy cost and intracyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass in ...

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the intra-cycle variation of the horizontal velocity of displacement (dV) and the energy cost (EC) in butterfly stroke. Five Portuguese national level swimmers performed one maximal and two submaximal 200-m butterfly swims. The oxygen consumption was measured breath-by-breath by portable metabolic cart. A respiratory snorkel and valve system with...