Biodiesel is an alternative to petroleum diesel. It is biodegradable and non-toxic, so it is beneficial from an environmental viewpoint. The esterification reaction of long chain carboxylic acids, such as oleic acid, is interesting in the context of biodiesel production. In this chapter, the use of different solid catalysts for the conversion of free fatty acids (especially oleic acid) into biodiesel will be...
Antibody titres to canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) were measured in 132 dogs: 80 had been vaccinated at least once, 22 had not been vaccinated, and 30 had unknown vaccination history. Serum antibody titers were measured by means of serum neutralization (CDV) or hemagglutination inhibition (CPV). Serum CDV titers >20 and serum CPV titers >80 were considered protective. Protective antibod...
The esterification of palmitic acid with methanol was studied using tungstophosphoric acid (PW), molibdophosphoric acid (PMo) and tungstosilicic acid (SiW) immobilized by sol–gel technique on silica, at 60 º C. It was observed that the catalytic activity decreases in the series: PW-silica > SiW-silica > PMo-silica. A series of PW immobilized on silica with different PW loadings from 2.5 wt.% to 8.4 wt.% were pr...
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